Complete Guide to Customer Lifecycle Development

Complete Guide to Customer Lifecycle Development DEFINING CUSTOMER LIFECYCLE MARKETINGCustomer Lifecycle Marketing is a strategy used in e-commerce which follows customer’s quantitative and qualitative progression in relation to a brand, a product or a service. It is based on statistical records of customer’s journey during phases of the process and focused on optimizing performance of various channels and touch points of interaction. The goal is to acquire customers as well as ensure perpetual satisfactory conversion rates which depends on the ability of creating an on-flowing circle of retention and loyalty.Diverse metrics are used as tools for acquiring important information on the customers and their lifecycle progress (and we will attend to them in a separate section), however, the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is essential for Customer Lifestyle Marketing and Development. It measures the possible profitability customers can generate through their lifecycle of interaction with a company. In other words, it measures the cur rent financial state and predicts future cash-flows from a customer. Moreover, CLV can provide information on the amounts of impact which specific marketing efforts have in diverse stages of customer lifecycle.In order to understand the Customer Lifecycle Marketing and Development, you have to understand how a customer evolves through a lifecycle with a company.LEVELS OF CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENT Modern day entrepreneurship is greatly influenced by technology. Online market has become the infinite playground for business people and consumers. However, the e-commerce has brought forward new game rules.The traditional, conversion-only based marketing techniques have to be broadened into a comprehensive customer lifecycle development in order for entrepreneurs to ensure longevity of their businesses. In this article, we will define the Customer Lifecycle Development strategy and its constituents as well as guide you through stages of customer development upon which it depends on. We will proceed to a comprehensive analysis of key elements of the process and metrics which should be employed for optimal results. Read through sections 1) Defining Customer Lifecycle Marketing; 2) Levels of Customer Development; and 3) Elements of Customer Lifestyle Development.DEFINING CUSTOMER LIFECYCLE MARKETINGCustomer Lifecycle Marketing is a strategy used in e-commerce which follows customer’s quantitative and qualitative progression in relation to a brand, a product or a service. It is based on statistical records of customer’s journey during phases of the process and focused on optimizing performance of various channels and touch points of interaction. The goal is to acquire customers as well as ensure perpetual satisfactory conversion rates which depends on the ability of creating an on-f lowing circle of retention and loyalty.Diverse metrics are used as tools for acquiring important information on the customers and their lifecycle progress (and we will attend to them in a separate section), however, the Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is essential for Customer Lifestyle Marketing and Development. It measures the possible profitability customers can generate through their lifecycle of interaction with a company. In other words, it measures the current financial state and predicts future cash-flows from a customer. Moreover, CLV can provide information on the amounts of impact which specific marketing efforts have in diverse stages of customer lifecycle.In order to understand the Customer Lifecycle Marketing and Development, you have to understand how a customer evolves through a lifecycle with a company.LEVELS OF CUSTOMER DEVELOPMENTMarketing strategies need to be segmented according to the targeted customer’s position in reference to your company. By acknowledging w hich stage are your (potential) customers in, you can employ subtle optimization strategies which will lead to satisfaction on both ends. Here we enlist main customer development levels.Prospective CustomerA prospective customer is any visitor to your channels who has not been registered officially in any wayâ€"giving personal information or purchasing something. These visitors can be interacting with your website or click on your advertisement any given number of times but until they have given some details on themselves they are regarded as prospects â€" opportunities for new customers.LeadLeads are prospective customers who performed some micro conversion in relation to your company â€" at least providing you with their e-mail address. This way they have provided you a platform of contact and nurture which can result in the purchase later on.First Time Buyer/ Single Purchase CustomerSingle purchase customers are visitors who made a purchase on one of your channels for the first t ime. They are regarded as potential repeat and loyal customers (also potential churn customers). This is the level of customer development where conversion marketing usually fades out. The goal â€" conversion, has been achieved, and that is it! However, studies show that reaching full potential of a company depends on lifecycle marketing.Repeat CustomerRepeat customers are those customers who have made more than one purchase from your company but are not yet regarded as loyal to your brand.Loyal CustomerDifferent companies have different methods and conditions in determining customer’s loyalty. A pretty simple scheme is regarding a customer who has been interacting with your channels for at least six months, has purchased something from you three or more times and has had his/her last purchase in the past x months as a loyal one. Achieving this level with your customers will ensure continuous conversion as well as advocacy of your brand loyalty.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]ELEMENTS OF CUSTOMER LIFESTYLE DEVELOPMENTThe first thing you should attend to in a Customer Lifestyle Development strategy is to segment your consumers according to their stages of development. All of them have different needs marketing-wise. Once you have done so, you will have to employ specific marketing methods to achieve optimal progress in the set direction. These methods are comprised in the threekey elements of Customer Lifestyle Development:AcquisitionActivationRetention1. Acquisition1.1 Acquisition GoalsThe goal of acquisition is to attract the highest possible amount of targeted visitors to a website. Targeted visitors are those who might have an interest in your products or services. Moreover, during the acquisition process, you should determine the profitability target by comparing Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) to the Cost of Customer Acquisition (CoCA). That way, especially if you are new in the entrepreneurial waters, you can attribute some of the possible negative profitability to the process of acquisition in itself â€" obtaining customers is essential in the early phases of running a business. The acquisition occurs in several subcategories (for example awareness, discovery, intent), and all should be managed both separately and as parts of a bigger whole.1.2 Acquisition Tactics InboundInbound marketing is based on the distribution of quality content online through channels like blogs, social networks, ebooks, e-mails as well as public relations and Search Engine Optimization Strategies. Entrepreneurs use these often free strategies to attract, address and grow interest in their targeted customers in a subtle manner.In case of social networks, it can broaden your circle of visitors as well as serve as a non-invasive advertising device. It is important to note that your social media acquisition process should be focused on interaction and communication and used as a platform for distribution of relevant insights in the domain of you r business. It should not, however, serve as an advertising melting pot.In case of ebooks, involve your prospects in activities upload downloadable e-books or organize webinars so as to acquire information which you can use for contacting them and interacting with them. Ask them for feedback on activities and personalize their content.For example, Barrack Obama’s marketing experts recognized the opportunities of inbound marketing, especially on the younger, online-oriented voters and created a Facebook account for his presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012. This enabled fast and vast information sharing and networking on a daily basis.OutboundOutbound acquisition tactics mainly comprise out of advertising online, on radio, the television, in the print, face-to-face and through telecommunications â€" mostly at a cost.Important here is that you show the right message to the right person and at the right time and place. Personalization goes a long way! Use behavior-based personaliz ed analytics software and extract valuable information on specific prospects and customers. This is narrowly correlated with targeting landing pages. If you use a software for location detection of a visitor, you should use the information and land the visitor to a page which contains facts and offers in reference to his/her location. Depending on the type of business you own, search for and utilize different information with the same purpose â€" maximization of customer experience.An example of efficient outbound marketing would be to create a catchy commercial or a jingle for your business and air it on radio stations which are frequently listened to by your targeted customers.ProductProduct acquisition strategies are focused on word-of-mouth marketing and achieved by going viral. Videos which reach enormous amounts of views must have an element of surprise, humor, cleverness and wit or produce a powerful emotional reaction from viewers.The Old Spice’s commercial The Man Your Ma n Could Smell Like and New Zealand Airline’s An Unexpected Briefing skyrocketed in numbers of views and proved to be extremely positively accepted among (potential) customers.Online AssetsBy upgrading performance of your online assets â€" websites, mobile sites how-to videos or guides, simple, fun and easy-to-use applications, special offers and social networking you will be able to acquire much larger amounts of prospects.Gilt, for example, increased their revenues immensely by combining photograph-oriented website, useful mobile applications and the ‘invite a friend, and both of you get 25$ of credit’ scheme.1.3 Acquisition MetricsCustomer Lifetime Value â€" CLV is the predicted total net revenue a customer will generate over the entire course of a relationship with a business.Cost of Customer Acquisition CoCA is the estimated financial cost of acquiring a customer. It includes the cost of the product or service as well as all expenses over a given period including salaries , research and marketing in reference to the potential profit.Profitability of Acquisition -The profitability of the acquisition is the relation between CoCA and the amount of revenue acquired from the customer. In Customer Lifecycle Marketing, it is also a relation between CoCa and CLV.Traffic Quantity It is important to measure traffic quantity and the duration of time spent on your channels because all of the visitors are prospects potential future customers. By employing analytical software such as Google Analytics, you can acquire data on the session during which your visitors have been actively engaged. The information can be used in the realization of micro-conversions which can lead to macro conversions and upper levels of customer development.Customer Segmentation Customer segmentation is an extremely important tool for marketing, in general. It provides essential behavioral patterns of all sorts which will determine the marketing strategy which should be used for progre ssion of customer’s lifecycle. Segmentation can be focused on the articles or services which are bought, their amount, price ranges or steps which lead to conversion. It is a tool for personalizing your approach to clients whereas behavioral analysis represents the active process of data interpretation.Cohort Analysis Cohort analysis examines behavior of your segmented groups over time. It is beneficial for total comprehension of customers’ lifecycle. In addition, it points out changes in demand and patterns as well as gives an overview of your company’s financial situation.2. Activation2.1 Activation GoalsThe goal of an activation process in Customer Lifecycle Development is to influence progression of prospects and leads to customers. It focuses on converting visitors by achieving micro conversions (such as converting a prospect into a lead by obtaining some personal information). The nurturing approach enhances engagement and moves the visitor towards a purchase (a macro c onversion).Additionally, during the activation phase and micro conversions, you should acquire information on visitors so you could contact them after their purchase and design a personalized campaign for them.2.2 Activation TacticsHere is the list of tactics which should be used in the activation process.E-mailE-mails are a great channel for leveling your visitors upwards on the customer development ladder. If visitors provide you with e-mail information, they have given you the opportunity to interact and communicate with them. Your marketing team should carefully construct a campaign according to different segments of customers -a lead customer requires different types of information and opportunities then a loyal customer. For example, a lead should be introduced with the wide scope of easily accessible, usable and reasonably-priced products and services which you can offer. On the other hand, a loyal customer should be approached with personalized information which is acquired through the duration of the relationship (perhaps renewals or upgrades of products and services the customer purchased).Content MarketingContent marketing is a wide specter of content based advertising. Basically, your job is to continuously provide relevant, useful and interactive information (in the form of a blog, a post on a website or a downloadable application) on topics which are interesting to your targeted customers. Additionally, bear in mind that your segmented customers have different interest areas, and you should attend to all of them. For example, introductory content on various products and services which you offer for potential or new customers as well as detailed usage guides for experienced customers.First Purchase Discount/First Purchase Free ShippingPeople love good deals. If you offer a discount or remove the shipping fee for the first purchase, a large percentage of ambiguous visitors will become first-time buyers. Be careful not to continuously offer deals be cause they lose their leverage in persuasion that way. You should, however, introduce them occasionally because it will make your visitors, and customers feel nurtured, and appreciated â€"acquisition is a process which occurs during the entire customer lifecycle in slightly differentiated forms.Time Limited OffersTime limited offers are also a ‘good deal’ technique and provide excellent results in new customer acquisition.Highly Targeted Landing Pages Based on Acquisition ChannelsTargeting landing pages is an extremely beneficial tool for acquisition and lifecycle marketing, in general. Different segments of customers should be approached with specific landing pages so as to provide an optimized experience for each of them. Additionally, you should adjust landing pages in reference to channels which lead to them as well as mediums which are used to approach them (mobile phones, tablets, desktops).2.3 Activation MetricsConversion Rate Conversion rate is the amount of revenue you have generated referenced by the number of visitors on your channels. If used with Customer Lifecycle Value it is a great tool for obtaining relevant data but does not show the totality of the value â€" it does not consider future converts of visitors to customers nor the potential profitability.Customer Lifecycle Value as described in acquisition metrics.Customer segmentation/Behavioral Analysis as described in acquisition metrics.Cohort Analysis as described in acquisition metrics.3. Retention and Loyalty3.1 Retention and Loyalty GoalsThe Customer Lifecycle Value becomes even more important in the stages after the first purchase. The goal is to improve average Customer Lifecycle Value in its entirety, not at a specific point. This will be achieved by advancing your first-time buyers into repeat customers by using behavioral analytics and determining what was it that caused other single purchase customers to level up to repeat customers. Further on, convert repeat customers int o loyal customers following the same principle.Moreover, goals of ensuring retention and loyalty consequently demand minimization of churn (customers who become inactive). You have to employ marketing techniques which will keep your existing customers because it will cost you up to six times more to acquire a new customer than it will to preserve the ones you already activated.3.2 Retention and Loyalty TacticsAverage Customer Lifecycle Value ImprovementSegment your customers and analyze behavioral data in order to design customized marketing campaigns which highly target them. The point is to focus on all segments according to their specific needs and possibilities of development. Offer quality and personalized approaches because a nurtured customer is a happy customer, and happy customers want to stay happy â€" retention and loyalty!For example:The 1% of your top customers provides you with the same amount of revenue as your bottom 50% together. You can define your most profitable clients by calculating Customer Lifecycle Value. The so called Hero Customers should be given special treatment in the form of exclusive access to products, individually targeted offers, invitations for membership clubs with beneficial features, prioritizing their needs and employing a highly personalized communication with them.Make sure to specifically target the Evangelists â€" individuals with a massive influence in relevant communities. They are the best ‘word of mouth’ you can wish for.Economical customers are those who hunt for discounts. Send them targeted offers occasionally so they would not churn but do not condition them to expect the good deals all the time.Some customers have a lot of dispensable income but are infrequent in purchase. Analyze their needs and behavior patterns and send them special offers.3.3 Retention and Loyalty MetricsConversion Rate â€" Conversion rate is the proportion of customers who purchased a product or a service in relation with overall v isitors (prospects or leads) to your channels.Percentage of Churn (Monthly) Churn rate represents the amount of your inactive customers â€" shows issues in marketing machine and post-sales support efficiency.Frequency of Conversion â€" Frequency of conversion is the rate of conversions of (a) particular customer/s in a specified unit of time (for example, the average sales cycle).Engagement (Micro Conversions) â€" Micro conversions are any advancement in the quality or quantity of interaction a prospect or a customer makes in relation to your business. For example, it is downloading some content which you offer on your website or providing you with some feedback in reference t a webinar you organized.Customer Lifecycle Value as described in acquisition metrics. Cohort Analysis as described in acquisition metrics. Customer Segmentation as described in acquisition metrics. In order to boost your e-commerce, you have to understand your customers and engage them according to their n eeds and desires. Online marketing is bursting with options but does not tolerate intrusive campaigns. Most people simply ignore pop-ups, they can leave a website and sign out of a group on a social network if it does not suit them any longer. In order to achieve your revenue opportunities to the fullest, you have to turn to a more holistic approach to visitors and customers. By understanding what and how they progress in relation to your company you can focus your marketing endeavors and distribute finances appropriately. The analytics of the business world coined diverse metrics which will help you in the process.All entrepreneurs have a spark of passion which they want to share with their customers. The e-commerce is an ideal platform for the complex and highly functional system Customer Lifecycle Marketing and Development based on mutual engagement and profitability.

George Orwell Novelist, Essayist and Critic

George Orwell is a novelist, essayist and critic. Hes famous as the author of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. List of Novels 1934 - Burmese Days1935 - A Clergymans Daughter1936 - Keep the Aspidistra Flying1939 - Coming Up for Air1945 - Animal Farm1949 - Nineteen Eighty-Four Nonfiction Books 1933 - Down and Out in Paris and London1937 - The Road to Wigan Pier1938 - Homage to Catalonia1947 - The English People Animal Farm In late 1939, Orwell wrote for his first collection of essays,  Inside the Whale. For the next year, he was busy writing reviews for plays, films and books. In March 1940 his long association with  Tribune  began with a review of a sergeants account of  Napoleons  retreat from Moscow. Throughout this period Orwell kept a wartime diary. In August 1941, Orwell obtained war work when he was taken on full-time by the BBCs Eastern Service. In October, David Astor invited Orwell to write for him at The Observer  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Orwells first article appeared in March 1942.   In March 1943 Orwells mother died and around the same time he was starting work on a new book, which turned out to be  Animal Farm. In September 1943, Orwell resigned from his BBC position. He was set on writing  Animal Farm. Just six days before his last day of service, in November 1943, his adaptation of the  fairy tale,  Hans Christian Andersens  The Emperors New Clothes  was broadcast. It was a genre in which he was greatly interested and which appeared on  Animal Farms title-page. In November 1943, Orwell was appointed literary editor at  Tribune, where he was on staff until early 1945, writing more than 80 book reviews. In March 1945, Orwells wife Eileen went into the  hospital for a  hysterectomy  and died. Orwell returned to London to cover the 1945 general election  at the beginning of July.  Animal Farm: A Fairy Story  was published in Britain on August 17, 1945, and a year later in the U.S., on August 26, 1946. Nineteen Eighty-Four Animal Farm  struck a particular resonance in the post-war climate and its worldwide success made Orwell a sought-after figure. For the next four years, Orwell mixed journalistic work – mainly for  Tribune,  The Observer  and the  Manchester Evening News, though he also contributed to many smaller political and  literary magazines  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ with writing his best-known work,  Nineteen Eighty-Four, which was published in 1949. In June 1949,  Nineteen Eighty-Four  was published to immediate critical and popular acclaim. Legacy During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books  Down and Out in Paris and London  (describing a time of poverty in these cities),  The Road to Wigan Pier  (describing the living conditions of the poor in northern England) and  Homage to Catalonia.   Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles  Animal Farm  and  Nineteen Eighty-Four. Both are powerful novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. In 1984,  Nineteen Eighty-Four  and  Ray Bradburys  Fahrenheit 451  were honored with the  Prometheus Award  for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011, he received the award again for  Animal Farm.

Code Of Ethics And Professional Conduct - 1274 Words

Review of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct of BIP The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct (CEPC) has been formulated on the basis of article 44, 45, 46, 47 of BIP constitution, to secure the rights and benefits of the Planners community in Bangladesh. CEPC not only provide guidance and support to the members of BIP on their lead in the professional field but also offers assurance to the client who avails the services of Planners. Members have the opportunity to express their opinion about professional affairs and CEPC; the Executive Committee will pay attention for definite valid reason. The CEPC is not rigid it may be amended for professionalism according to the bylaws of the Institute constitution. The whole CEPC is separated into three parts. The first part is about Principles and Responsibilities, second part is Financial Matters for Trade and Service and the final part is about Procedure of Inquiry Disciplinary Action. Principles and Responsibilities Principles and responsibilities are also categorized into four different aspects like responsibility to the public, responsibility to clients and employers, responsibility to the profession and colleagues and obligation to colleagues. In the section of responsibility to the public said that ‘Planners’ obligation is to serve the public interest achieve high standards of professional integrity, proficiency, and knowledge.’ Planner should always concern about rights of others, provide accurateShow MoreRelatedEthics And Code Of Professional Conduct1598 Words   |  7 Pages(NMBA) Code of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct. Failure to provide care within these parameters could lead to serious consequences for the patient and nurse themselves. Enrolled Nurses must work within certain legal and ethical parameters to ensure appropriate care is provided to patients and also so the nursing profession itself is upheld in a respectful and trusting manner. 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Dexit †A Marketing Opportunity Free Essays

The case study discusses the marketing opportunity of Toronto-based Dexit Inc. for the new electronic payment system for retail transactions. The CEO of the company, Renah Persofsky, faced two traditional questions of marketing strategy: the preferable target group and the choice of optimal strategy, â€Å"push† or â€Å"pull†. We will write a custom essay sample on Dexit — A Marketing Opportunity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing opportunity The advantages of for the new electronic payment system for retail transactions were obvious. First, its implementation could make the transactions faster and safer for the end user. Second, the using of similar payment systems gained the wide popularity. Third, the popularity of digital payments without dealing with the cashiers is growing nowadays, and this trend existed in 2002 when Dexit made a decision to launch its new payment system. At least, the competition on this sector was rather low. Thus, the implementation of new payment system was reasonable solution. However, even in this favorable market opportunity the company faced two dilemmas. First was the choice between consumers (the users of the Dexit tag) and merchants (the users of the Dexit POS terminals). It was necessary to define which segment would be most profitable to serve. Besides, the issue of different customers approach was topical. The new payment system could gain fast popularity among that group of the customers, which was known as â€Å"early gainers†, but as usual this group couldn’t transform to the group of the most â€Å"heavy customers†. At last, the implementation of new system demanded the new wave of marketing, and it was needed to make a solution about the preferable marketing strategy. â€Å"push† or â€Å"pull†. The choice also depended from the target customer group. Conclusion It can hardly be decided what marketing strategy could be optimal for Dexit; however, the study of the latest trends allowed recommendation to aim the strategy on the â€Å"heavy customers† and make the system merchant-oriented. References DEXIT — A MARKETING OPPORTUNITY. 905A02. Copyright  © 2005, Ivey Management Services How to cite Dexit — A Marketing Opportunity, Essays

Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Areas Such as Restaurants and Airport Terminals free essay sample

Smoking be banned in public areas such as restaurants and airport terminals? Should smoking be banned in public areas? Well in my point of view, smoking should be banned in public areas. Why should smoking be banned? We are not limiting the freedom of the person who smokes. However, this is because smoking in public areas will be a disturbance to the people around the smoker and it will shorten the lives of the smoker. By restricting some of the public areas not to smoke, lots of people will benefit from that. Why should smoking be banned in public areas? There are two reasons for that. Firstly, it damages the health of the smoker and the passive smoker. The second reason is smoking may be a disturbance to the people around it. I believe that smoking should be banned in public areas such as restaurants and airport terminals. It damages the health of the smokers and people around them. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Smoking Be Banned in Public Areas Such as Restaurants and Airport Terminals? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How does it damage the health? Cigarette contains 4000 dangerous chemical which may cause lung cancer, bronchitis, pneumonia and other diseases. This cigarette is destruction both to you smokers and to innocent people. So at least try to smoke in your room with your doors shut. The second reason why I believe that smoking should be banned in public areas is because the smoke may be a disturbance to the people around the smoker. If a person smokes, he is not the only one to suffer but also the passive smokers. When a pregnant mother walk passes through a smoker, the women will breathe in the cigarette smoke. If she stands around the smoker for a long time, her baby will be given birth prematurely or the baby will die before they can even be given birth. There are some cases in which the infant dies. I feel really sorry for them. Many people are going in and out of these restaurants and airport terminals and these places are air-conditioned. This means the smoke inside is not getting out easily. So if 10 person smokes at the same time, the whole place will be overwhelmed by the smoke. People inside this place will be affected and will get some diseases like pneumonia and others. Many people’s health will be affected negatively. So smoking be banned the public areas! In conclusion, I feel that smoking should be banned in public areas not just in airport terminals. This is a good way to stop innocent people suffering the disease. Public areas are for people to relax, for example, restaurants and parks. Different types of people are always at these places. There are absolutely no advantages in smoking whether alone or in public areas. Why shorten your life? Live while you can live and contribute positively to the environment. Think smokers. You are not only destroying your own life but also many thousands of life. This is just an advice. Smoking is bad for you and the people around you.

Slavery and Identity Among the Cherokee

Slavery and Identity Among the Cherokee The institution of slavery in the United States long pre-dates the African slave trade. But by the late 1700’s the practice of slaveholding by southern Indian nations- the Cherokee in particular- had taken hold as their interactions with Euro-Americans increased. Today’s Cherokee still grapple with the troubling legacy of slavery in their nation with the Freedman dispute. Scholarship on slavery in the Cherokee nation typically focuses on analyzing the circumstances that help to explain it, often describing a less brutal form of slavery (an idea some scholars debate). Nevertheless, the practice of African slaveholding forever changed the way Cherokees view race which they continue to reconcile today. The Roots of Slavery in the Cherokee Nation The slave trade on US soil has its roots in the arrival of the first Europeans who developed an extensive transatlantic business in the trafficking of Indians. Indian slavery would last well into the mid-to-late 1700s before it was outlawed, by which time the African slave trade was well established. Until that time, the Cherokee had a long history of being subject to capture and then exported to foreign lands as slaves. But while the Cherokee, like many Indian tribes who also had histories of inter-tribal raiding which sometimes included the taking of captives who could be killed, traded, or eventually adopted into the tribe, the continual incursion of European immigrants into their lands would expose them to foreign ideas of racial hierarchies that reinforced the idea of black inferiority. In 1730 a dubious delegation of Cherokee signed a treaty with the British (the Treaty of Dover) committing them to return runaway slaves (for which they would be rewarded), the first â€Å"official† act of complicity in the African slave trade. However, an apparent sense of ambivalence toward the treaty would manifest among the Cherokee who sometimes aided runaways, kept them for themselves, or adopted them. Scholars like Tiya Miles note that Cherokees valued slaves not just for their labor, but also for their intellectual skills like their knowledge of English and Euro-American customs, and sometimes married them. Influence of Euro-American Slavery One significant influence on the Cherokee to adopt slavery came at the behest of the United States government. After the Americans’ defeat of the British (with whom the Cherokee sided), the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Holston in 1791 which called for Cherokee to adopt a sedentary farming and ranching-based life, with the US agreeing to supply them with the â€Å"implements of husbandry.† The idea was in keeping with George Washington’s desire to assimilate Indians into white culture rather than exterminate them, but inherent in this new way of life, particularly in the South, was the practice of slaveholding. In general, slaveholding in the Cherokee nation was limited to a wealthy minority of mixed-blood Euro-Cherokees (although some full blood Cherokees did own slaves). Records indicate that the proportion of Cherokee slave owners was slightly higher than white southerners, 7.4% and 5% respectively. Oral history narratives from the 1930s indicate that slaves were often treated with greater mercy by Cherokee slave owners. This is reinforced by the records of an early Indian agent of the US government who, after advising that the Cherokee take up slave owning in 1796 as part of their â€Å"civilizing† process, found them to be lacking in their ability to work their slaves hard enough. Other records, on the other hand, reveal that Cherokee slave owners could be just as brutal as their white southern counterparts. Slavery in any form was resisted, but the cruelty of Cherokee slave owners like the notorious Joseph Vann would contribute to uprisings like the Cherokee Slave Revolt of 184 2. Complicated Relations and Identities The history of Cherokee slavery points to the ways relationships between slaves and their Cherokee owners were not always clear cut relationships of domination and subjugation. The Cherokee, like the Seminole, Chickasaw, Creek and Choctaw came to be known as the â€Å"Five Civilized Tribes† because of their willingness to adopt the ways of white culture (like slavery). Motivated by the effort to protect their lands, only to be betrayed with their forced removal by the US government, removal subjected African slaves of the Cherokee to the additional trauma of yet another dislocation. Those who were the product of mixed parentage would straddle a complex and fine line between an identity of Indian or black which could mean the difference between freedom and bondage. But even freedom would mean persecution of the type experienced by Indians who were losing their lands and cultures, coupled with the social stigma of being â€Å"mulatto.† The story of the Cherokee warrior and slave owner Shoe Boots and his family exemplifies these struggles. Shoe Boots, a prosperous Cherokee landowner, acquired a slave named Dolly around the turn of the 18th century, with whom he had an intimate relationship and three children. Because the children were born to a slave and children by white law followed the condition of the mother, the children were considered slaves until Shoe Boots was able to have them emancipated by the Cherokee nation. After his death, however, they would later be captured and forced into servitude, and even after a sister was able to secure their freedom, they would experience further disruption when they along with thousands of other Cherokees would be pushed out of their country on the Trail of Tears. The descendants of Shoe Boots would find themselves at the crossroads of identity not only as Freedman denied the benefits of citizenship in the Cherokee nation, but as people who have at times denied their black ness in favor of their Indianness. Sources Miles, Tiya. Ties That Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.Miles, Tiya. â€Å"The Narrative of Nancy, A Cherokee Woman.† Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies. Vol. 29, Nos. 2 3., pp. 59-80.Naylor, Celia. African Cherokees in Indian Territory: From Chattel to Citizens. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.

Space Spinoff Technology Works on Earth, Too

Space Spinoff Technology Works on Earth, Too Did you know that the chip in your cell phone is the result of space exploration? Or, that the breast-cancer screening women get was first developed for sensors on space missions? Its true. Innovative technologies that get made for space missions end up being as useful (and sometimes even more useful) on Earth than their inventors first intended. Cutting-edge technology shows up around our planet, in our cities, our homes, and even in our bodies. Not only will it be used in future space exploration missions, such as lunar exploration and asteroid mining, but will find homes on Earth, too. Lets take a look at a few space-age gadgets that are making life better for all of us here on old Terra. Space Tech in Your Hand Take a look at your cell phone. It probably has a camera, which has an image sensor based on CMOS technology that got its start at NASA. CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, and it is used in imaging devices. The space agency has always been interested in capturing images of dim and distant objects in space, and the development of charge-coupled-device ​imagers (we call them CCDs) stems from the need to see planets, stars, and galaxies. They work very well that way, and technologies based on CCDs populate new generations of cameras, including the ones in cell phones. Open Wide, Insert CMOS One of the latest innovations based on the CMOS design is something that will make your next dentist visit a bit easier. Thats because new dental imagers are being built with CMOS-based sensors in them. Think about it: your mouth is a dark, dim environment, and until recently, only x-ray machines could penetrate the teeth and give dentists a look at their condition. The array of pixels in a digital imager based on CMOS designs can deliver excellent visions of teeth, lower a patients exposure to x-rays, and give dentists much better maps of a patients teeth and mouth. What Space Technology Reveals about Your Bones One of the biggest effects that space travel can have on people zeroes in on their bones. Astronauts in long-duration missions have suffered a marked loss of bone density. Thats why we often see pictures of astronauts exercising in space aboard the International Space Station. Its not just to stay in shape, its also to keep bone density from deteriorating. To keep tabs on that bone loss, ground-based MDs, NASA needed equipment that would study bone health in microgravity. A technique called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), done by a device light enough to take to the space station, was the answer. The same technique and equipment will most certainly find its way into medical labs here on Earth for researchers looking into bone deterioration and muscle atrophy. Monitoring Pollution from Vehicles Vehicle CO2Â  (carbon dioxide) emissions are a huge factor in the rise of greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere. This blanket of gases consists mostly of nitrogen, plus oxygen and carbon dioxide and formed early in Earths infancy. It may have formed more than once, and was affected by (among other things) impacts, volcanism, and the rise of life. While life on our planet depends and exhales this gas, understanding its role in our atmosphere and climate is still under intense study. One mystery: how CO2 gets concentrated in the atmosphere and then dissipates over the course of a year is not well-understood. Instruments in space (such as weather satellites and other sensors) can measure the year-round cycle of CO2 in our atmosphere and three missions are getting ready to launch to do just that. However, theres another use for this technology that can be deployed right here on Earth: measuring vehicle emissions where the vehicles are, rather than requiring them to visit inspection stations each year. A new instrument has been developed that uses lasers to do this work, zeroing in not just on CO2, but also methane, ethane, and nitric acid more accurately and quickly than older, less-efficient methods. Several states in the U.S. have already purchased this technology, and more will jump on board. Saving a New Mothers Life Every year tens of thousands of women around the world (many in developing countries), die from the effects of hemorrhage after giving birth. A new NASA spinoff technology based on a G-suit spacesuit is now being used to help save the lives of new moms threatened by hemorrhages. A team of researchers at NASA Ames modified a G-suit so that it could supply a range of pressures and used it on a woman suffering from postpartum bleeding. This application of a technology used to keep astronauts safe on their journey back to Earth after spending time in space, is a lifesaver for new moms who dont always have access to blood transfusions or medications quickly after giving birth. Since the development of a product called LifeWrap, more than 20 countries have invested in technology based on the same thing that astronauts routinely use as they return home. Clean Drinking Water is a Must Many people on our planet do not have access to clean drinking water. Or, they live in municipalities where the water delivery infrastructure is deteriorating (and local officials have not taken action to fix it, as in Flint, MI). Access to safe, clean water is a human right. Its also something that astronauts in space continually face: having enough water to drink while orbiting several hundred miles above the planet. NASA has created ever-more-efficient ways to recycle water on such places as the International Space Station, and much of the technology relies on filtration. At this time, the agencys astronauts use some of the best filtration tech in the world. Certain fibers used in nanomaterials also make good water filters. NASA has taken advantage of those materials to provide the ISS with good drinking water. And, it turns out that the same filters NASA uses can also be used by people working on the ground: emergency workers, communities in developing countries, backpackers, and others who have a need to filter and use water where they are. The latest filters not only take out many impurities in water, but also remove viruses and bacteria. Eventually, companies selling this technology will supply it to homeowners in remote locations and possibly even to cities where water delivery systems are in need of drastic repair. From Farming to Skiing, Nuclear Energy, to Industrial Productivity Those are just a few of the many, many technologies that space exploration enables for use here on Earth. From technology to strengthen race car bodies, improve a skiers vision, improve flow in nuclear plants, and GPS-enabled driverless tractors, machines and techniques developed for use in space are having an incredibly huge effect on medicine, industry, farming, recreation, consumer goods, and much more. Money spent on space exploration isnt spent up there; it goes for machines and people who work right here on Earth! Â  Want to know more about space spinoffs? Visit NASAs spinoff pages for many more technologies making life easier here on Earth. And, read here for more examples of how space exploration can benefit you.